A) Excel review: Ordering categories on a pivot chart
1. Make two pivot charts f
A) Excel review: Ordering categories on a pivot chart
1. Make two pivot charts from the following dataset: (see attached file)
For the y-axis, show salary. Make the bars show the average salary. On the x-axis, place Gender and Region. To change which category shows as innermost, change the order of the fields in the Columns box of the Pivot Table pane.
Show one graph with Region as the innermost category.
Show a second graph with Gender as the innermost category
2. Comment on whether you think the chart is more interesting with Gender or Region as the innermost category.b
b) An external application for the reading in your text
Internal validity refers to the hallmark of scientific research of rigor–the degree to which good experimental practice means that you can say that changing an independent variable causes changes in a dependent variable.
External validity refers to the hallmark of scientific research of generalizability–the degree to which the results of a study are expected to apply to a new situation.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions:
While in ideal cases experiments have high internal validity for the effect of the specific program under study on the specific experimental population, in the setting in which it is studied, they may have limited external validity for generalizations to other locations, to other programs (or even to other implementations of the same program), or to other populations. For example, a reemployment bonus program may have a very different effect in a full-employment local economy than when the local area is in a recession, or the same program offered in different sites may have dramatically different effects due to variation in local program administration or context. (Rothstein & Wachter, 2016, p. 6)
Rothstein, J., & von Wachter, T. M. (2016). Social experiments in the labor market. National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w22585
1. Explain why the effect of a reemployment bonus program might be different in one location than in another location.
2. Explain whether the difference you describe is an example of a problem with external validity or internal validity.
